Installing the kernel headers for Kali Linux allows the installation of Virtualbox Guest Additions and other software that relies upon the kernel headers, but the /etc/apt/sources.lst is not filled out by default.
Paste this code into the /etc/apt/sources.lst at the bottom of the file.
deb http://http.kali.org/ /kali main contrib non-free deb http://http.kali.org/ /wheezy main contrib non-free deb http://http.kali.org/kali kali-dev main contrib non-free deb http://http.kali.org/kali kali-dev main/debian-installer deb-src http://http.kali.org/kali kali-dev main contrib non-free deb http://http.kali.org/kali kali main contrib non-free deb http://http.kali.org/kali kali main/debian-installer deb-src http://http.kali.org/kali kali main contrib non-free deb http://security.kali.org/kali-security kali/updates main contrib non-free deb-src http://security.kali.org/kali-security kali/updates main contrib non-free deb http://repo.kali.org/kali kali-bleeding-edge main |
Save the file then run apt-get update; apt-get upgrade to update all installed packages.
Credits to: http://pantuts.com/2013/03/14/how-to-install-kernel-headers/.
This fixed the Kali Linux problems and allowed updating the operating system packages.
Then you can run this command to install the kernel headers:
apt-get update; apt-get install -y linux-headers-$(uname -r) |