The rename command for the Linux shell allows you to rename a directory full of files en-mass.
This first example, based on the examples in the rename manual page. Firstly renaming a directory full of xhtml files to the html extension.
rename 's/\.xhtml$/.html/' *.xhtml
And renaming a folder full of Jpeg files with an upper case extension to lower case.
rename 's/\.JPG$/.jpg/' *.JPG
The convert command, part of the ImageMagick(1) suite of tools is a useful command, it will convert an image from one format to another, as in the below example.
convert darcymonk120706channel7257.jpeg darcymonk120706channel7257.png
The du command is used to see the amount of space taken up by a directory. The example below is using the du command and piping it to the sort and head commands. This command will print out a human-readable output of how much space a directory is taking up.
C:\HOME\FLYNN\PICTURES> du -ackh | sort -nr | head -n 23 988K ./1338670924844.jpeg 980K ./radiationcount-8.png 900K ./radiationcount-2.png 632K ./1339123707834.jpeg 544K ./1339122429238.jpeg 520K ./radiationcount-16.png 516K ./1339247594593.png 464K ./radiationcount-11.png 456K ./Blog-SingingRain.jpeg 396K ./radiationcount-4.png 392K ./radiationcount-15.png 372K ./pdp-8.jpeg 364K ./1338612404563jpeg 332K ./radiationcount-0.png 308K ./railway2jpeg 120K ./DSCF2461.jpg 116K ./GUNS2_2241428bjpeg 116K ./1338592719579.jpeg 112K ./radiationcount-1.png 112K ./radiationcount-13.png 112K ./darcymonk120706channel7257.png 103M total 103M .
Using the tree command, you may print out a DOS styled tree view directory listing.
C:\HOME\FLYNN\PICTURES> tree -A -s -p -f --dirsfirst . ├── [-rw-r--r-- 64615] ./1338473373167.jpeg ├── [-rw-r--r-- 31503] ./1338510527630.jpeg ├── [-rw-r--r-- 117826] ./1338592719579.jpeg ├── [-rw-r--r-- 371032] ./1338612404563jpeg ├── [-rw-r--r-- 1010257] ./1338670924844.jpeg ├── [-rw-r--r-- 59794] ./1338825411389.jpeg ├── [-rw-r--r-- 19816] ./1338903886006.jpeg ├── [-rw-r--r-- 556989] ./1339122429238.jpeg ├── [-rw-r--r-- 647142] ./1339123707834.jpeg ├── [-rw-r--r-- 525544] ./1339247594593.png ├── [-rw-r--r-- 67865] ./1339249964523.jpeg ├── [-rw-r--r-- 37908] ./1339343643333.png ├── [-rw-r--r-- 2036958] ./1339507574545.jpeg ├── [-rw-r--r-- 2090606] ./1339556066175.gif ├── [-rw-r--r-- 3869] ./1339576195840.jpeg ├── [-rw-r--r-- 75727] ./5354908_orig.jpeg ├── [-rw-r--r-- 4157] ./ajushi.gif ├── [-rw-rw-r-- 465713] ./Blog-SingingRain.jpeg ├── [-rw-r--r-- 25977] ./darcymonk120706channel7257.jpeg ├── [-rw-r--r-- 113859] ./darcymonk120706channel7257.png ├── [-rw-r--r-- 5064698] ./DSCF2294.jpg ├── [-rw-r--r-- 5117330] ./DSCF2298.jpg ├── [-rw-r--r-- 4522982] ./DSCF2459.jpg ├── [-rw-r--r-- 4908757] ./DSCF2460.jpg ├── [-rw-r--r-- 119198] ./DSCF2461.jpg ├── [-rw-r--r-- 2710177] ./DSCF2495.jpg ├── [-rw-r--r-- 49145092] ./DSCF2557.AVI ├── [-rw-r--r-- 118686] ./GUNS2_2241428bjpeg ├── [-rw-r--r-- 6608] ./helicoptersradiation-235x156jpeg ├── [-rw-r--r-- 27795] ./hyper.gif ├── [-rw-r--r-- 21113] ./illuminati.gif ├── [-rw-r--r-- 32208] ./nuclearcoverupscreenshot.png ├── [-rw-r--r-- 378674] ./pdp-8.jpeg ├── [-rw-r--r-- 62005] ./prometheusjpeg ├── [-rw-r--r-- 336985] ./radiationcount-0.png ├── [-rw-r--r-- 6339] ./radiationcount-10.png ├── [-rw-r--r-- 474379] ./radiationcount-11.png ├── [-rw-r--r-- 1969226] ./radiationcount-12.png ├── [-rw-r--r-- 113859] ./radiationcount-13.png ├── [-rw-r--r-- 1089856] ./radiationcount-14.png ├── [-rw-r--r-- 399265] ./radiationcount-15.png ├── [-rw-r--r-- 530495] ./radiationcount-16.png ├── [-rw-r--r-- 37916] ./radiationcount-17.png ├── [-rw-r--r-- 33956] ./radiationcount-18.png ├── [-rw-r--r-- 114242] ./radiationcount-1.png ├── [-rw-r--r-- 920891] ./radiationcount-2.png ├── [-rw-r--r-- 3421929] ./radiationcount-3.png ├── [-rw-r--r-- 405296] ./radiationcount-4.png ├── [-rw-r--r-- 60794] ./radiationcount-5.png ├── [-rw-r--r-- 10778893] ./radiationcount-6.png ├── [-rw-r--r-- 3908761] ./radiationcount-7.png ├── [-rw-r--r-- 999903] ./radiationcount-8.png ├── [-rw-r--r-- 1171555] ./radiationcount-9.png ├── [-rw-r--r-- 45995] ./radiationcount.png ├── [-rw-r--r-- 312681] ./railway2jpeg └── [-rw-r--r-- 75061] ./x37.jpeg 0 directories, 56 files
The pstree command prints out a tree view listing of the running Linux processes. This makes it very easy to visualise how all other processes descend from ‘init’ which is the parent of all Linux processes.
C:\HOME\FLYNN\PICTURES> pstree -a -u -G -l -h -p
init,1
├─NetworkManager,930
│ ├─dhclient,1120 -d -4 -sf /usr/lib/NetworkManager/nm-dhcp-client.action -pf /var/run/sendsigs.omit.d/network-manager.dhclient-eth0.pid -lf /var/lib/dhcp/dhclient-dafcb050-8698-43d8-bc2a-dda90074db6e-eth0.lease -cf /var/run/nm-dhclient-eth0.conf eth0
│ ├─dnsmasq,1844,nobody --no-resolv --keep-in-foreground --no-hosts --bind-interfaces --pid-file=/var/run/sendsigs.omit.d/network-manager.dnsmasq.pid --listen-address=127.0.0.1 --conf-file=/var/run/nm-dns-dnsmasq.conf --cache-size=0 --proxy-dnssec
│ ├─{NetworkManager},945
│ └─{NetworkManager},1121
├─SystemToolsBack,2438 /usr/share/system-tools-backends-2.0/scripts/SystemToolsBackends.pl -m Platform
├─acpid,1264 -c /etc/acpi/events -s /var/run/acpid.socket
├─at-spi-bus-laun,2586,flynn
│ ├─{at-spi-bus-laun},2587
│ └─{at-spi-bus-laun},2589
├─atd,1268,daemon
├─avahi-daemon,957,avahi
│ └─avahi-daemon,958
├─bluetoothd,905
├─clock-applet,2382,flynn
│ └─{clock-applet},2389
├─console-kit-dae,1655 --no-daemon
│ ├─{console-kit-dae},1656
│ ├─{console-kit-dae},1657
│ ├─{console-kit-dae},1659
│ ├─{console-kit-dae},1660
│ ├─{console-kit-dae},1661
│ ├─{console-kit-dae},1662
│ ├─{console-kit-dae},1665
│ ├─{console-kit-dae},1666
│ ├─{console-kit-dae},1667
│ ├─{console-kit-dae},1668
│ ├─{console-kit-dae},1669
│ ├─{console-kit-dae},1670
│ ├─{console-kit-dae},1671
│ ├─{console-kit-dae},1672
│ ├─{console-kit-dae},1673
│ ├─{console-kit-dae},1674
│ ├─{console-kit-dae},1675
│ ├─{console-kit-dae},1676
│ ├─{console-kit-dae},1677
│ ├─{console-kit-dae},1678
│ ├─{console-kit-dae},1679
│ ├─{console-kit-dae},1680
│ ├─{console-kit-dae},1681
│ ├─{console-kit-dae},1682
│ ├─{console-kit-dae},1683
│ ├─{console-kit-dae},1684
│ ├─{console-kit-dae},1685
│ ├─{console-kit-dae},1686
│ ├─{console-kit-dae},1687
│ ├─{console-kit-dae},1688
│ ├─{console-kit-dae},1689
│ ├─{console-kit-dae},1690
│ ├─{console-kit-dae},1691
│ ├─{console-kit-dae},1692
│ ├─{console-kit-dae},1693
│ ├─{console-kit-dae},1694
│ ├─{console-kit-dae},1695
│ ├─{console-kit-dae},1696
│ ├─{console-kit-dae},1697
│ ├─{console-kit-dae},1698
│ ├─{console-kit-dae},1699
│ ├─{console-kit-dae},1700
│ ├─{console-kit-dae},1701
│ ├─{console-kit-dae},1702
│ ├─{console-kit-dae},1703
│ ├─{console-kit-dae},1704
│ ├─{console-kit-dae},1705
│ ├─{console-kit-dae},1706
│ ├─{console-kit-dae},1707
│ ├─{console-kit-dae},1708
│ ├─{console-kit-dae},1709
│ ├─{console-kit-dae},1710
│ ├─{console-kit-dae},1711
│ ├─{console-kit-dae},1712
│ ├─{console-kit-dae},1713
│ ├─{console-kit-dae},1714
│ ├─{console-kit-dae},1715
│ ├─{console-kit-dae},1716
│ ├─{console-kit-dae},1717
│ ├─{console-kit-dae},1719
│ ├─{console-kit-dae},1720
│ ├─{console-kit-dae},1927
│ ├─{console-kit-dae},8694
│ └─{console-kit-dae},8696
├─cron,1263
├─cupsd,952 -F
├─dbus-daemon,889,messagebus --system --fork --activation=upstart
├─dbus-daemon,2039,flynn --fork --print-pid 5 --print-address 9 --session
├─dbus-launch,2038,flynn --exit-with-session mate-session
├─dconf-service,2953,flynn
│ ├─{dconf-service},2954
│ └─{dconf-service},2956
├─firefox,9607,flynn
│ ├─{firefox},9612
│ ├─{firefox},9613
│ ├─{firefox},9614
│ ├─{firefox},9615
│ ├─{firefox},9617
│ ├─{firefox},9618
│ ├─{firefox},9619
│ ├─{firefox},9620
│ ├─{firefox},9621
│ ├─{firefox},9623
│ ├─{firefox},9626
│ ├─{firefox},9628
│ ├─{firefox},9629
│ ├─{firefox},9630
│ ├─{firefox},9631
│ ├─{firefox},9632
│ ├─{firefox},9634
│ ├─{firefox},9635
│ ├─{firefox},9636
│ ├─{firefox},9638
│ └─{firefox},9838
├─gconfd-2,2079,flynn
├─getty,1197 -8 38400 tty4
├─getty,1205 -8 38400 tty5
├─getty,1242 -8 38400 tty3
├─getty,1247 -8 38400 tty6
├─getty,1643 -8 38400 tty1
├─gvfs-afc-volume,2094,flynn
│ └─{gvfs-afc-volume},2095
├─gvfs-fuse-daemo,2062,flynn -f /home/flynn/.gvfs
│ ├─{gvfs-fuse-daemo},2065
│ ├─{gvfs-fuse-daemo},2066
│ └─{gvfs-fuse-daemo},2067
├─gvfs-gdu-volume,2084,flynn
├─gvfs-gphoto2-vo,2092,flynn
├─gvfsd,2060,flynn
├─gvfsd-computer,2458,flynn --spawner :1.13 /org/gtk/gvfs/exec_spaw/1
├─gvfsd-metadata,2428,flynn
├─gvfsd-trash,2400,flynn --spawner :1.13 /org/gtk/gvfs/exec_spaw/0
├─irqbalance,1283
├─kded4,3118,flynn
│ └─{kded4},3120
├─kdeinit4,3113,flynn
│ ├─kio_http_cache_,3160
│ └─klauncher,3116
├─kuiserver,10018,flynn
│ └─{kuiserver},10020
├─kwalletd,3210,flynn
│ └─{kwalletd},3212
├─leafpad,10068,flynn
│ └─{leafpad},10072
├─login,1237 --
│ └─bash,8578,flynn
├─mate-keyring-da,2054,flynn --start --components=ssh
│ ├─{mate-keyring-da},2055
│ ├─{mate-keyring-da},2056
│ ├─{mate-keyring-da},2057
│ └─{mate-keyring-da},2058
├─mate-screensave,2377,flynn
├─mate-settings-d,2052,flynn
│ └─{mate-settings-d},2053
├─mate-terminal,8783,flynn
│ ├─bash,8789
│ │ └─pstree,18579 -a -u -G -l -h -p
│ ├─bash,9686
│ ├─(mate-terminal,8788)
│ ├─{mate-terminal},8787
│ └─{mate-terminal},8790
├─matecomponent-a,2113,flynn --ac-activate --ior-output-fd=19
│ ├─{matecomponent-a},2132
│ └─{matecomponent-a},2152
├─mateconfd-2,2044,flynn
├─mateweather-app,2379,flynn
│ └─{mateweather-app},2390
├─mdm,1398
│ └─mdm,1400
│ ├─Xorg,1928 :0 -audit 0 -auth /var/lib/mdm/:0.Xauth -nolisten tcp vt9
│ └─mate-session,1951,flynn
│ ├─applet.py,2097 /usr/share/system-config-printer/applet.py
│ ├─caja,2096
│ │ └─{caja},2154
│ ├─mate-bluetooth-,2117
│ │ ├─{mate-bluetooth-},2148
│ │ └─{mate-bluetooth-},2149
│ ├─mate-panel,2081
│ │ └─{mate-panel},2082
│ ├─mate-power-mana,2101
│ │ └─{mate-power-mana},2147
│ ├─mate-volume-con,2115
│ ├─mintupdate-laun,2134 /usr/bin/mintupdate-launcher
│ │ └─sh,2143 -c /usr/lib/linuxmint/mintUpdate/mintUpdate.py
│ │ └─mintUpdate,2144 /usr/lib/linuxmint/mintUpdate/mintUpdate.py
│ │ ├─{mintUpdate},2199
│ │ └─{mintUpdate},2393
│ ├─nm-applet,2141
│ │ └─{nm-applet},2225
│ ├─polkit-mate-aut,2142
│ │ └─{polkit-mate-aut},2181
│ ├─ssh-agent,2035 /usr/bin/dbus-launch --exit-with-session mate-session
│ ├─zeitgeist-datah,2099
│ │ └─{zeitgeist-datah},2106
│ ├─{mate-session},2042
│ └─{mate-session},2046
├─modem-manager,903
├─mount.ntfs,2483 /dev/sdc1 /media/Elements -o rw,nosuid,nodev,uhelper=udisks,uid=1000,gid=1000,dmask=0077,fmask=0177
├─nmbd,1901 -D
├─notification-ar,2383,flynn
│ └─{notification-ar},2386
├─openbox,9604,flynn --replace
├─plymouth-upstar,900
├─plymouthd,294 --mode=boot --attach-to-session
├─polkitd,947 --no-debug
│ └─{polkitd},949
├─pulseaudio,2071,flynn --start --log-target=syslog
│ ├─gconf-helper,2077
│ ├─{pulseaudio},2076
│ ├─{pulseaudio},2089
│ └─{pulseaudio},2090
├─rsyslogd,955,syslog -c5
│ ├─{rsyslogd},959
│ ├─{rsyslogd},960
│ └─{rsyslogd},961
├─rtkit-daemon,2073,rtkit
│ ├─{rtkit-daemon},2074
│ └─{rtkit-daemon},2075
├─smbd,891 -F
│ └─smbd,911 -F
├─system-tools-ba,2403
│ └─{system-tools-ba},2412
├─timidity,1632,timidity -Os -iAD
├─udevd,351 --daemon
│ ├─udevd,3995 --daemon
│ └─udevd,3996 --daemon
├─udisks-daemon,2086
│ ├─udisks-daemon,2087
│ ├─{udisks-daemon},2088
│ └─{udisks-daemon},2406
├─upowerd,2160
│ ├─{upowerd},2161
│ └─{upowerd},2162
├─upstart-socket-,618 --daemon
├─upstart-udev-br,345 --daemon
├─whoopsie,1279,whoopsie
│ └─{whoopsie},1294
├─winbindd,1373
│ └─winbindd,1397
├─wnck-applet,2180,flynn
│ └─{wnck-applet},2341
├─xawtv,3934,flynn
│ ├─{xawtv},3937
│ └─{xawtv},3938
├─zeitgeist-daemo,2108,flynn
│ └─{zeitgeist-daemo},2110
└─zeitgeist-fts,2123,flynn
├─cat,2131
└─{zeitgeist-fts},2126
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