Fedora 18 overview video. A look at the new Fedora Core 18 Linux distribution.

An overview of the Fedora 18 Linux distribution.

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Some interesting facts about computing history. The early days.

Magnetic Core memory; this is very durable memory indeed.

Magnetic Core memory; this is very durable memory indeed.

The computers of old did not use modern microchip Random Access Memory as we do today; one method of storing data temporarily was with the use of magnetic core memory. This involves tiny rings of magnetized iron threaded onto a wire mat, this was expensive to make; but it had a good access time and it is very durable as well; this type of memory is used in the Voyager probe that is currently heading outside the solar system. Travelling at 38,000 miles per hour it will be the furthest object from the Earth for a good while yet. More information here: http://codingrelic.geekhold.com/2010/07/voyager-2-soft-error.html?m=1. So the Voyager probe was not hijacked by aliens after all as some nut jobs proclaimed, merely a flipped bit caused by an energetic particle. This can not happen on the Earth; the magnetic field and atmosphere protects us from the dangerous radiation that is coming from the Sun and deep space. Another innovation in computing technology was the printed circuit board; this allowed the shrinking of circuitry by soldering the components to a board of non-conductive material with conductive tracks printed onto it that conducts electricity and connects all of the components together in one whole circuit. Then came the transistor; this is a tiny switch that was finally able to displace the old vacuum tubes.

The famous Nixie tube. An old computer display technology.

The famous Nixie tube. An old computer display technology.

But the old vacuum tubes were amazing devices with their warm glow; but the elements inside the tubes generated a lot of heat and therefore a massive computer built with millions of vacuum tubes would need a massive air conditioning system to keep the warehouse cool that housed it. the transistor is built upon a discovery of certain materials called semiconductors that conduct electricity in one direction only. This is like a diode; the led lights on your computer are diodes; they only shine if the DC current is flowing through them in one direction and not the other. Nowadays the circuits of computers are more densely packed than the technicians of 1970 could have dreamed; but computers built out of vacuum tubes and then the smaller and more efficient transistors are the forebears of the modern Intel Core i7 CPUs that power modern computers that can run nearly photo-realistic games and high-resolution movies that people of the 1970s could only dream of. In 1987; we were using hard disks and tape drives that could store a respectable amount of data for the size of the tape reel or hard disk platter cartridge. But the story of computing truly goes back to the invention of the Abacus and the computer that was to be built by Charles Babbage; he unsuccessfully laid plans for a mechanical computer that would be able to print accurate multiplication tables.

And I must not forget Ada Augusta, the Countess of Lovelace, the daughter of the great poet Lord Byron. She is credited with developing, the sort of programming instructions that would have been fed into the analytical engine to allow it to do the task that it was built for. She was the first ever programmer; even though her program code was never used, this is still a great achievement in history.

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Ubuntu 12.10 Quantal Quetzal wallpaper. Nice evening shot with a long exposure and blurred clouds.

Wagga Wagga at night; lovely lighting and blurred clouds.

Wagga Wagga at night; lovely lighting and blurred clouds.

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Interesting and useful commands available using the BASH shell on Linux.

This is an interesting command to view your command history when you are using Bash.

[flynn@flynn-grid-runner Desktop]$ hash
hits command
3 /usr/bin/sudo
1 /bin/ls
[flynn@flynn-grid-runner Desktop]$

This command is a Bash shell built-in command. If you are using the tcsh or zsh shells; this command will not be available to you. As shown below; you may also use the history command to show the last # of commands; in this case the last 10 commands executed on the Bash command-line.

[flynn@flynn-grid-runner Desktop]$ history 10
    3  sudo apt-get update
    4  sudo apt-get upgrade
    5  hash
    6  cd Desktop/
    7  ls -hula
    8  hash
    9  history 10
   10  history 20
   11  history 2
   12  history 10

This Linux command will return the IP address of a hostname. In this case the IP address of Google.

[flynn@flynn-grid-runner Desktop]$ gethostip google.com
google.com 74.125.237.100 4A7DED64

You can also use the ping command to get this information but it is good to cover all the bases when discussing Linux commands.

Here is a tutorial on how to add a new user to an Ubuntu system with the command-line. http://mixeduperic.com/ubuntu/how-to-add-a-new-user-in-ubuntu-using-the-command-line.html.

Some useful tricks for the Linux command-line using the find command and backticks: http://www.securitronlinux.com/bejiitaswrath/useful-tricks-when-using-the-find-command-on-linux-and-backticks/.

How to check the status of your laptop battery and CPU temperature with the Linux command-line: http://www.securitronlinux.com/bejiitaswrath/how-to-check-laptop-battery-status-with-the-linux-command-line/.

Some miscellaneous BASH shell tricks that will amaze your friends: http://www.securitronlinux.com/bejiitaswrath/misc-bash-shell-tricks-for-the-linux-user/.

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Computers running Ubuntu spotted for sale in China. Linux really is everywhere!

Ubuntu computers for sale in China!

This has just been spotted in China! Ubuntu computers for sale in a computer shop. Ubuntu must be a very popular Linux distribution over there. There was the old Red Flag Linux distribution a while ago; but they seem to be adopting the popular Ubuntu distribution instead. A very good move; it is very easy to set up with your favourite software and your favourite desktop environment. I am using the Unity desktop at the moment. It is very good and configurable in the version supplied with the 12.10 release. Ubuntu does not get viruses like the Windows operating system does. Windows 8 has just suffered its first attack by a malicious cracker who has broken the security in the new Windows release: http://news.slashdot.org/story/12/11/01/227221/security-firm-vupen-claims-to-have-hacked-windows-8-and-ie10. This means that with Windows 8; you will need as much security software as you needed with Windows 7 and XP. The new Windows release is no more secure than previous incarnations and it would be better to use Linux or OpenBSD if you want a more acceptable level of security for your desktop computer.

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Magazines now available in the Ubuntu 12.10 dash search results.

Magazines available for download shown in the Ubuntu 12.10 dash.

Magazines available for download shown in the Ubuntu 12.10 dash.

The Ubuntu 12.10 dash now has magazines appearing in the online search results as well as the usual music albums and application packages available for download. This is a good thing if you are interested in purchasing a magazine and downloading it. I assume that the magazines are PDF copies that you pay for and then download to read at your leisure. This is a good thing; if you turn off the online search results you still get some in your dash; so not all of the online search results are opt-out. But the Ubuntu 12.10 distribution is very good though; all of the packages work very well indeed. The me-tv digital television viewer works perfectly in Ubuntu Quantal; this is a package that I had a lot of problems with in Linux Mint 13; but with this distribution I just install it and it works perfectly. That is what I like about Ubuntu. Despite the controversy about the Amazon integration; the overall distribution is very polished. This gives a good impression if you can just install the distribution; and start installing software right away that will work perfectly right out of the box.

The me-tv software running on Ubuntu 12.10.

The me-tv software running on Ubuntu 12.10.

That is how a Linux distribution should work; no need to spend hours on the Internet messing around with Google scrolling page after page looking for a forum posting that contains just the information you are looking for. I recommend installing the smplayer package if you wish to be able to play your movies easily; that is a very good movie player application. For playing music; the Banshee package is the best music player; the default Rhythmbox player is alright; but Banshee shows all of your album art and that is something I really like. I was looking for a command for Linux that would work the same way as the ipconfig /flushdns command in Windows but it seems that there is no such command for Linux. I guess that is a good thing. There is some information here: http://superuser.com/questions/134762/how-to-clear-dns-cache-in-ubuntu. The way it works in Linux is that Ubuntu by default does not have a DNS cache; but you may install one using this command.

john@deusexmachina:~$ sudo apt-get install nscd

This will install a DNS caching daemon; then you may type sudo service nscd restart to refresh the DNS cache. But it is better to perform this task in your browser settings. Windows has this capability; but Linux is better in that regard. And it gets less viruses too.

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How to install and configure the Apache2 web server on Ubuntu 12.10.

The Apache2 web server is a very powerful and useful web server that is used to host websites all around the world. This is available for the Ubuntu 12.10 Linux distribution. To install this; type this command.

sudo apt-get install apache2 mysql-server php5

This command will install the Apache2 and MySQL database server packages, as well as the PHP language required to run just about every web application out there; and start the Apache2 web server upon completion. The default wwroot for the Apache2 web server is the /var/www folder that will contain a small HTML greeting page that is visible if you visit the http://localhostaddress in your browser. Below is the result of all this effort; the Apache web server running on your PC.

The Apache2 web server running on our computer!

The Apache2 web server running on our computer!

If you install the WordPress package with the sudo apt-get install wordpress command in Ubuntu 12.10 the blogging package will be installed to the /usr/share/wordpress folder; you will need to copy the contents of that folder into the /var/www folder to be able to get WordPress working with Apache. Another way is just to download the latest tarball of WordPress from the website and unpack that into the /var/www folder.

There is a nice guide here that explains how to set up the database connection and get the WordPress package working with MySQL: http://ubuntuserverguide.com/2012/05/how-to-install-latest-wordpress-in-ubuntu-server-12-04-lts.html. These instructions work perfectly with the Apache2 version in Ubuntu 12.10. There is a full tutorial on installing the Ubuntu 12.10 server distribution here: http://www.howtoforge.com/perfect-server-ubuntu-12.10-apache2-bind-dovecot-ispconfig-3; this will be useful if you want to install a Linux server from the ground up. Below I have also added a nice video that shows how to install an Ubuntu server with the 12.04 distribution; this is also applicable to the 12.10 release.

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Some even more useful Linux commands and tricks for the Linux command-line user.

Large hard disk platter cassette.

Large hard disk platter cassette. These were seen in Terminator 2.

Linux has some very useful and interesting commands available to the Linux desktop user to find out information about your computer system. Some of these hearken back to the days of the old Linux terminals; when you accessed your computer from a dumb terminal instead of a graphical desktop. If you wish to find out the characteristics of your Linux terminal or virtual console; the telltc command will be perfectly suited to this task. Below is an example. This command displays information about the number of columns and lines as well as the escape characters supported by the terminal.

This is a very useful Linux command for finding out the information about your terminal. Another useful command is the wall command; this will send a broadcast message to all other users on that machine. Use it like this: echo “Hello World” | wall. This is similar to the broadcast message sent out by the system when you are shutting down the computer.

[john@deusexmachina]:~> telltc

	Tcsh thinks your terminal has the
	following characteristics:

	It has 152 columns and 60 lines
	It has a meta key
	It can not use tabs
	It has automatic margins
	It has magic margins
	                     send cursor end (@7) == ^[OF
	                  add new blank line (al) == ^[[L
	                        audible bell (bl) == ^G
	                     clear to bottom (cd) == ^[[J
	                clear to end of line (ce) == ^[[K
	                 cursor to horiz pos (ch) == ^[[%i%p1%dG
	                        clear screen (cl) == ^[[H^[[2J
	                  delete a character (dc) == ^[[P
	                       delete a line (dl) == ^[[M
	                   start delete mode (dm) == (empty)
	                     end delete mode (ed) == (empty)
	                     end insert mode (ei) == ^[[4l
	             cursor from status line (fs) == (empty)
	                         home cursor (ho) == ^[[H
	                    insert character (ic) == (empty)
	                   start insert mode (im) == ^[[4h
	                      insert padding (ip) == (empty)
	                   sends cursor down (kd) == ^[OB
	                    send cursor home (kh) == ^[OH
	                   sends cursor left (kl) == ^[OD
	                  sends cursor right (kr) == ^[OC
	                     sends cursor up (ku) == ^[OA
	                          begin bold (md) == ^[[1m
	                      end attributes (me) == ^[[0m
	                 begin reverse video (mr) == ^[[7m
	               non destructive space (nd) == ^[[C
	                        end standout (se) == ^[[27m
	                      begin standout (so) == ^[[7m
	               cursor to status line (ts) == (empty)
	                       cursor up one (up) == ^[[A
	                     begin underline (us) == ^[[4m
	                       end underline (ue) == ^[[24m
	                        visible bell (vb) == ^[[?5h$^[[?5l
	               delete multiple chars (DC) == ^[[%p1%dP
	                cursor down multiple (DO) == ^[[%p1%dB
	               insert multiple chars (IC) == ^[[%p1%d@
	                cursor left multiple (LE) == ^[[%p1%dD
	               cursor right multiple (RI) == ^[[%p1%dC
	                  cursor up multiple (UP) == ^[[%p1%dA

To display a random fortune in Cockney slang; firstly install the fortune and filters packages.

sudo apt-get install fortune filters

Then run the command shown in this example and you will have a random Cockney fortune...

john@deusexmachina:~/Desktop$ fortune -s | cockney
Menny a writer seems to fink 'e is never profound except when 'e can't
unnerstand 'is own meanin'.
		-- George D. Prentice

Another example.

john@deusexmachina:~/Desktop$ fortune -l | cockney
	"Y'have 'eard me speak of Professor Moriarty, roit?"
	"The famous scientific criminal, as famous among crooks as --"
	"My blushes, Watson," 'olmes murmured, in a deprecatin' voice.
	"I wuz about to sigh 'as 'e is unknown to the bloody public.'"
		-- A. Conan Doyle, "The Valley of Fear"

This command-line parameter used with the cal command will show how many days have passed in the year since January 1.

john@deusexmachina:~/Desktop$ cal -j
       October 2012          
 Su  Mo  Tu  We  Th  Fr  Sa  
    275 276 277 278 279 280  
281 282 283 284 285 286 287  
288 289 290 291 292 293 294  
295 296 297 298 299 300 301  
302 303 304 305

Another nice way to show off on your computer is to install the cowsay package and then run this command.

john@deusexmachina:~/Desktop$ fortune | cowthink
 ________________________________________
( If you learn one useless thing every   )
( day, in a single year you'll learn 365 )
( useless things.                        )
 ----------------------------------------
        o   ^__^
         o  (oo)\_______
            (__)\       )\/\
                ||----w |
                ||     ||

Putting together everything we have installed during the reading of this post; here is another cool command using another cowsay character.

john@deusexmachina:~/Desktop$ fortune -l | fudd | cowsay -f /usr/share/cowsay/cows/luke-koala.cow 
 _________________________________________
/ Dewowes bweezed awong de suwface of hew \
| wife wike a fwat stone fowevew skipping |
| awong smoof watew, wippwing weawity     |
| spowadicawwy but obwivious to it        |
| consistentwy, untiw she finawwy wost    |
| momentum, sank, and due to an ovewdose  |
| of fwouwide as a chiwd which caused hew |
| to suffew fwom chwonic apady, doomed    |
| hewsewf to wie fowevew on de fwoow of   |
| hew wife as usewess as an appendix and  |
| as wonewy as a five-hundwed pound       |
| bawbeww in a stewoid-fwee fitness       |
| centew.                                 |
|                                         |
| -- Winning sentence, 1990 Buwwew-Wytton |
\ bad fiction contest.                    /
 -----------------------------------------
  \
   \          .
       ___   //
     {~._.~}// 
      ( Y )K/  
     ()~*~()   
     (_)-(_)   
     Luke    
     Skywalker
     koala
The insides of a neat computer.

The insides of a neat computer.

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Thoughts on the new Ubuntu for the Nexus 7 and installing a different shell for Ubuntu.

OpenBSD UNIX desktop.

OpenBSD UNIX desktop.

I have just found out that the Nexus 7 tablet now has an Ubuntu distribution that is working on that tablet computer. The Unity desktop does not seem to be very stable on this device though; it would be better to develop a proper tablet touch oriented interface like the Windows 8 Metro interface; the Thunderbird E-Mail client and the default Firefox web browser would be very fiddly to use on a touch interface unless you have a very large screen to use to operate the buttons and drop down menus. A tablet is an annoying thing to use when you are trying to write very long documents and you are using an on-screen keyboard with no tactile feedback. That is beyond annoying unless you have a Bluetooth keyboard. A desktop PC is still the best alternative when you are wanting to do content creation and gaming; unless all you play is Angry Birds or Facebook games. They are not porting the Unreal Tournament games to the tablet platform. On that note it is a real shame that the Unreal Tournament 2007 release is not available for Linux; but I am sure that Doom4 will be available for Linux when it is released. That game is promising to be a hit when it is showcased for the first time. The original Doom 2 game was heaps of fun; but the city maps were not that realistic.

If a new Doom comes out that is filled with awesome levels and monsters; then it will be very popular; hopefully it does not have as many dark areas as Doom3 did. Sure that game is fun; but the levels sometimes are very dark and foreboding indeed. A change is needed; the outside areas could be very bright and the insides of the buildings could still be dark. I just want to see a game with realistic and interactive city areas and buildings that you can enter and search for goodies. Since the performance of 3D on Linux is very good; a Linux client for Doom4 is a must. The Nexus 7 tablet would not be the best gaming platform; but neither would the Microsoft Surface; that thing looks very fragile indeed; and the keyboard is ugly as sin. Why could they not put more effort into the design and not create something so pig ugly as this Windows tablet. This is the last effort by Microsoft; they are being overtaken by the Linux based Android and the iOS platform. The Windows 8 operating system and the Surface tablet are their latest project and they are depending on this to stop them from going under. Personally; without the Windows Media Centre and the other things that have been excised out of the Windows 8 operating system; it is a wonder that anyone actually wants this at all. I will wait and see if anyone can install Ubuntu onto the Surface tablet; that would be an interesting exercise.

Gentoo Windowmaker desktop.

Gentoo Windowmaker desktop.

The Ubuntu distribution has a choice of command-line shells that enable the user to control their system. If you type sudo apt-get install tcsh you can install a nice shell that is a variant of the csh shell and is just as customisable when you want to create a lovely customised prompt. The zsh shell is also a nice option for the Linux user that wants to use a nice shell as an alternative to the Bash shell that the Ubuntu distribution comes with by default. The tcsh shell is very capable and usable; I recommend giving it a go and deciding for yourself if you want to use it or not. If you install FreeBSD; the sh shell is the default and gets annoying very quickly. Therefore installing, the tcsh shell is one way to make the command-line experience easier when you have a more usable shell. I find that the FreeBSD UNIX distribution is easier to install than the Gentoo Linux distribution. The process is more refined and the repositories are very good and a large amount of software is available for this distribution and there are not just source packages, there are binary packages, these are installed with the pkg_add command. For example pkg_add -r emacs. This makes the setup of the system after the installation very easy. But the lack of good drivers for FreeBSD compared to the Linux distributions makes it less of a contender on the desktop.

The hardware support available for the operating system is very important if it is to take off on the desktop. The Linux; Windows and Macintosh OSX desktop operating systems are dominant on the desktop compared to FreeBSD due to the excellent hardware support. The FreeBSD and OpenBSD UNIX operating systems are better suited to the roles of server operating systems; they excel at that; especially the super-secure OpenBSD operating system. I wonder how secure an operating system you could build if you used the Darwin UNIX kernel and added the GNU Coreutils and Xorg to create a new UNIX operating system using GNU code. That would be a cool experiment to embark on. The kernel modules could be written by a team of enterprising hackers that could create the framework for a new operating system. But the ones we have now are doing a good enough job as it is; some of them could use a better desktop design though; copying a tablet interface on the desktop does not really work out very well.

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Computer interface used in the Avengers movie and thoughts on the touch interface.

The Avengers computer interface.

The Avengers computer interface.

http://cargocollective.com/jayse/Avengers. Some information here about the user interfaces used in the Avengers movie. These touch screen interfaces were used a lot in the movie. The touch screen computer model is all the rage at the moment even if it is not that useful when using a computer for a long period. Especially when using a computer for word processing and graphic design. But the computer interface that Tony Stark uses that involves hand gestures to control 3D models is now a reality. There is now a USB device that can track hand movements and translate them into computer commands. This could be a very tiring method of controlling your computer though; it is better to use a keyboard and mouse to perform computing tasks and not hand gestures; here is the link though if you are interested: http://edition.cnn.com/2012/05/22/tech/innovation/leap-motion-control/index.html. Just because one movie like Minority Report uses the gesture based interface; all other movies think that it is a good idea. Sure; the holodeck styled rendering of 3D models in thin air like in the movie Iron Man is a good idea though; that is one technology that would be popular.

Flat screen display in the movie "2001 A Space Odyssey"

Flat screen display in the movie “2001 A Space Odyssey”

A real-world Minority Report interface has been developed; but this kind of interface might not be to everyone`s taste; but the video on the linked site is worth watching. Still; real-world anti-gravity is one movie staple that would be a good thing to develop in real-life; that would be boon to the environment as far less energy would be required to move things around; not to forget that an anti-gravity alternative to semi-trailer trucks would be much quieter. But getting back to the Avengers; the see-through computer screens would not be the best thing if there was a lot of ambient lighting around as there was in the flying aircraft carrier. If you put a dark tinted backing on the glass screens; that would be a significant improvement. In the TRON Legacy film there was a touch screen that was laid flat on the table; that makes more sense. If I push back my keyboard and pretend that my computer desk is that screen; the act of pretending to type on the table feels very comfortable; better than the touch screen being vertical. Something like that could actually work. Sure someone has already made an analogue of the Tron Legacy keyboard as an open-source application; this could be a good project to build a keyboard into a table as seen in the movie. Coupled with a small screen to show output; this could be a good project to display output of your own Solaris UNIX machine.

The Windows 8 and Unity interfaces are a long way from the interfaces shown in the Avengers movie; we will wait and see what the future brings. The 1968 movie “2001” had flat screen displays on the interplanetary spaceship Discovery. This could have influenced the development of modern tablet computers. They may use the controls at the bottom of the screen to control them though and may not be a touch screen. Very prescient for 1968 though.

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