The rename command for the Linux shell allows you to rename a directory full of files en-mass.
This first example, based on the examples in the rename manual page. Firstly renaming a directory full of xhtml files to the html extension.
rename 's/\.xhtml$/.html/' *.xhtml |
And renaming a folder full of Jpeg files with an upper case extension to lower case.
rename 's/\.JPG$/.jpg/' *.JPG |
The convert command, part of the ImageMagick(1) suite of tools is a useful command, it will convert an image from one format to another, as in the below example.
convert darcymonk120706channel7257.jpeg darcymonk120706channel7257.png |
The du command is used to see the amount of space taken up by a directory. The example below is using the du command and
piping it to the sort and head commands. This command will print out a human-readable output of how much space a directory is taking up.
C:\HOME\FLYNN\PICTURES> du -ackh | sort -nr | head -n 23 988K ./1338670924844.jpeg 980K ./radiationcount-8.png 900K ./radiationcount-2.png 632K ./1339123707834.jpeg 544K ./1339122429238.jpeg 520K ./radiationcount-16.png 516K ./1339247594593.png 464K ./radiationcount-11.png 456K ./Blog-SingingRain.jpeg 396K ./radiationcount-4.png 392K ./radiationcount-15.png 372K ./pdp-8.jpeg 364K ./1338612404563jpeg 332K ./radiationcount-0.png 308K ./railway2jpeg 120K ./DSCF2461.jpg 116K ./GUNS2_2241428bjpeg 116K ./1338592719579.jpeg 112K ./radiationcount-1.png 112K ./radiationcount-13.png 112K ./darcymonk120706channel7257.png 103M total 103M . |
Using the tree command, you may print out a DOS styled tree view directory listing.
C:\HOME\FLYNN\PICTURES> tree -A -s -p -f --dirsfirst . ├── [-rw-r--r-- 64615] ./1338473373167.jpeg ├── [-rw-r--r-- 31503] ./1338510527630.jpeg ├── [-rw-r--r-- 117826] ./1338592719579.jpeg ├── [-rw-r--r-- 371032] ./1338612404563jpeg ├── [-rw-r--r-- 1010257] ./1338670924844.jpeg ├── [-rw-r--r-- 59794] ./1338825411389.jpeg ├── [-rw-r--r-- 19816] ./1338903886006.jpeg ├── [-rw-r--r-- 556989] ./1339122429238.jpeg ├── [-rw-r--r-- 647142] ./1339123707834.jpeg ├── [-rw-r--r-- 525544] ./1339247594593.png ├── [-rw-r--r-- 67865] ./1339249964523.jpeg ├── [-rw-r--r-- 37908] ./1339343643333.png ├── [-rw-r--r-- 2036958] ./1339507574545.jpeg ├── [-rw-r--r-- 2090606] ./1339556066175.gif ├── [-rw-r--r-- 3869] ./1339576195840.jpeg ├── [-rw-r--r-- 75727] ./5354908_orig.jpeg ├── [-rw-r--r-- 4157] ./ajushi.gif ├── [-rw-rw-r-- 465713] ./Blog-SingingRain.jpeg ├── [-rw-r--r-- 25977] ./darcymonk120706channel7257.jpeg ├── [-rw-r--r-- 113859] ./darcymonk120706channel7257.png ├── [-rw-r--r-- 5064698] ./DSCF2294.jpg ├── [-rw-r--r-- 5117330] ./DSCF2298.jpg ├── [-rw-r--r-- 4522982] ./DSCF2459.jpg ├── [-rw-r--r-- 4908757] ./DSCF2460.jpg ├── [-rw-r--r-- 119198] ./DSCF2461.jpg ├── [-rw-r--r-- 2710177] ./DSCF2495.jpg ├── [-rw-r--r-- 49145092] ./DSCF2557.AVI ├── [-rw-r--r-- 118686] ./GUNS2_2241428bjpeg ├── [-rw-r--r-- 6608] ./helicoptersradiation-235x156jpeg ├── [-rw-r--r-- 27795] ./hyper.gif ├── [-rw-r--r-- 21113] ./illuminati.gif ├── [-rw-r--r-- 32208] ./nuclearcoverupscreenshot.png ├── [-rw-r--r-- 378674] ./pdp-8.jpeg ├── [-rw-r--r-- 62005] ./prometheusjpeg ├── [-rw-r--r-- 336985] ./radiationcount-0.png ├── [-rw-r--r-- 6339] ./radiationcount-10.png ├── [-rw-r--r-- 474379] ./radiationcount-11.png ├── [-rw-r--r-- 1969226] ./radiationcount-12.png ├── [-rw-r--r-- 113859] ./radiationcount-13.png ├── [-rw-r--r-- 1089856] ./radiationcount-14.png ├── [-rw-r--r-- 399265] ./radiationcount-15.png ├── [-rw-r--r-- 530495] ./radiationcount-16.png ├── [-rw-r--r-- 37916] ./radiationcount-17.png ├── [-rw-r--r-- 33956] ./radiationcount-18.png ├── [-rw-r--r-- 114242] ./radiationcount-1.png ├── [-rw-r--r-- 920891] ./radiationcount-2.png ├── [-rw-r--r-- 3421929] ./radiationcount-3.png ├── [-rw-r--r-- 405296] ./radiationcount-4.png ├── [-rw-r--r-- 60794] ./radiationcount-5.png ├── [-rw-r--r-- 10778893] ./radiationcount-6.png ├── [-rw-r--r-- 3908761] ./radiationcount-7.png ├── [-rw-r--r-- 999903] ./radiationcount-8.png ├── [-rw-r--r-- 1171555] ./radiationcount-9.png ├── [-rw-r--r-- 45995] ./radiationcount.png ├── [-rw-r--r-- 312681] ./railway2jpeg └── [-rw-r--r-- 75061] ./x37.jpeg 0 directories, 56 files |
The pstree command prints out a tree view listing of the running Linux processes. This makes it very easy to visualise how all other processes descend from ‘init’ which is the parent of all Linux processes.
C:\HOME\FLYNN\PICTURES> pstree -a -u -G -l -h -p init,1 ├─NetworkManager,930 │ ├─dhclient,1120 -d -4 -sf /usr/lib/NetworkManager/nm-dhcp-client.action -pf /var/run/sendsigs.omit.d/network-manager.dhclient-eth0.pid -lf /var/lib/dhcp/dhclient-dafcb050-8698-43d8-bc2a-dda90074db6e-eth0.lease -cf /var/run/nm-dhclient-eth0.conf eth0 │ ├─dnsmasq,1844,nobody --no-resolv --keep-in-foreground --no-hosts --bind-interfaces --pid-file=/var/run/sendsigs.omit.d/network-manager.dnsmasq.pid --listen-address=127.0.0.1 --conf-file=/var/run/nm-dns-dnsmasq.conf --cache-size=0 --proxy-dnssec │ ├─{NetworkManager},945 │ └─{NetworkManager},1121 ├─SystemToolsBack,2438 /usr/share/system-tools-backends-2.0/scripts/SystemToolsBackends.pl -m Platform ├─acpid,1264 -c /etc/acpi/events -s /var/run/acpid.socket ├─at-spi-bus-laun,2586,flynn │ ├─{at-spi-bus-laun},2587 │ └─{at-spi-bus-laun},2589 ├─atd,1268,daemon ├─avahi-daemon,957,avahi │ └─avahi-daemon,958 ├─bluetoothd,905 ├─clock-applet,2382,flynn │ └─{clock-applet},2389 ├─console-kit-dae,1655 --no-daemon │ ├─{console-kit-dae},1656 │ ├─{console-kit-dae},1657 │ ├─{console-kit-dae},1659 │ ├─{console-kit-dae},1660 │ ├─{console-kit-dae},1661 │ ├─{console-kit-dae},1662 │ ├─{console-kit-dae},1665 │ ├─{console-kit-dae},1666 │ ├─{console-kit-dae},1667 │ ├─{console-kit-dae},1668 │ ├─{console-kit-dae},1669 │ ├─{console-kit-dae},1670 │ ├─{console-kit-dae},1671 │ ├─{console-kit-dae},1672 │ ├─{console-kit-dae},1673 │ ├─{console-kit-dae},1674 │ ├─{console-kit-dae},1675 │ ├─{console-kit-dae},1676 │ ├─{console-kit-dae},1677 │ ├─{console-kit-dae},1678 │ ├─{console-kit-dae},1679 │ ├─{console-kit-dae},1680 │ ├─{console-kit-dae},1681 │ ├─{console-kit-dae},1682 │ ├─{console-kit-dae},1683 │ ├─{console-kit-dae},1684 │ ├─{console-kit-dae},1685 │ ├─{console-kit-dae},1686 │ ├─{console-kit-dae},1687 │ ├─{console-kit-dae},1688 │ ├─{console-kit-dae},1689 │ ├─{console-kit-dae},1690 │ ├─{console-kit-dae},1691 │ ├─{console-kit-dae},1692 │ ├─{console-kit-dae},1693 │ ├─{console-kit-dae},1694 │ ├─{console-kit-dae},1695 │ ├─{console-kit-dae},1696 │ ├─{console-kit-dae},1697 │ ├─{console-kit-dae},1698 │ ├─{console-kit-dae},1699 │ ├─{console-kit-dae},1700 │ ├─{console-kit-dae},1701 │ ├─{console-kit-dae},1702 │ ├─{console-kit-dae},1703 │ ├─{console-kit-dae},1704 │ ├─{console-kit-dae},1705 │ ├─{console-kit-dae},1706 │ ├─{console-kit-dae},1707 │ ├─{console-kit-dae},1708 │ ├─{console-kit-dae},1709 │ ├─{console-kit-dae},1710 │ ├─{console-kit-dae},1711 │ ├─{console-kit-dae},1712 │ ├─{console-kit-dae},1713 │ ├─{console-kit-dae},1714 │ ├─{console-kit-dae},1715 │ ├─{console-kit-dae},1716 │ ├─{console-kit-dae},1717 │ ├─{console-kit-dae},1719 │ ├─{console-kit-dae},1720 │ ├─{console-kit-dae},1927 │ ├─{console-kit-dae},8694 │ └─{console-kit-dae},8696 ├─cron,1263 ├─cupsd,952 -F ├─dbus-daemon,889,messagebus --system --fork --activation=upstart ├─dbus-daemon,2039,flynn --fork --print-pid 5 --print-address 9 --session ├─dbus-launch,2038,flynn --exit-with-session mate-session ├─dconf-service,2953,flynn │ ├─{dconf-service},2954 │ └─{dconf-service},2956 ├─firefox,9607,flynn │ ├─{firefox},9612 │ ├─{firefox},9613 │ ├─{firefox},9614 │ ├─{firefox},9615 │ ├─{firefox},9617 │ ├─{firefox},9618 │ ├─{firefox},9619 │ ├─{firefox},9620 │ ├─{firefox},9621 │ ├─{firefox},9623 │ ├─{firefox},9626 │ ├─{firefox},9628 │ ├─{firefox},9629 │ ├─{firefox},9630 │ ├─{firefox},9631 │ ├─{firefox},9632 │ ├─{firefox},9634 │ ├─{firefox},9635 │ ├─{firefox},9636 │ ├─{firefox},9638 │ └─{firefox},9838 ├─gconfd-2,2079,flynn ├─getty,1197 -8 38400 tty4 ├─getty,1205 -8 38400 tty5 ├─getty,1242 -8 38400 tty3 ├─getty,1247 -8 38400 tty6 ├─getty,1643 -8 38400 tty1 ├─gvfs-afc-volume,2094,flynn │ └─{gvfs-afc-volume},2095 ├─gvfs-fuse-daemo,2062,flynn -f /home/flynn/.gvfs │ ├─{gvfs-fuse-daemo},2065 │ ├─{gvfs-fuse-daemo},2066 │ └─{gvfs-fuse-daemo},2067 ├─gvfs-gdu-volume,2084,flynn ├─gvfs-gphoto2-vo,2092,flynn ├─gvfsd,2060,flynn ├─gvfsd-computer,2458,flynn --spawner :1.13 /org/gtk/gvfs/exec_spaw/1 ├─gvfsd-metadata,2428,flynn ├─gvfsd-trash,2400,flynn --spawner :1.13 /org/gtk/gvfs/exec_spaw/0 ├─irqbalance,1283 ├─kded4,3118,flynn │ └─{kded4},3120 ├─kdeinit4,3113,flynn │ ├─kio_http_cache_,3160 │ └─klauncher,3116 ├─kuiserver,10018,flynn │ └─{kuiserver},10020 ├─kwalletd,3210,flynn │ └─{kwalletd},3212 ├─leafpad,10068,flynn │ └─{leafpad},10072 ├─login,1237 -- │ └─bash,8578,flynn ├─mate-keyring-da,2054,flynn --start --components=ssh │ ├─{mate-keyring-da},2055 │ ├─{mate-keyring-da},2056 │ ├─{mate-keyring-da},2057 │ └─{mate-keyring-da},2058 ├─mate-screensave,2377,flynn ├─mate-settings-d,2052,flynn │ └─{mate-settings-d},2053 ├─mate-terminal,8783,flynn │ ├─bash,8789 │ │ └─pstree,18579 -a -u -G -l -h -p │ ├─bash,9686 │ ├─(mate-terminal,8788) │ ├─{mate-terminal},8787 │ └─{mate-terminal},8790 ├─matecomponent-a,2113,flynn --ac-activate --ior-output-fd=19 │ ├─{matecomponent-a},2132 │ └─{matecomponent-a},2152 ├─mateconfd-2,2044,flynn ├─mateweather-app,2379,flynn │ └─{mateweather-app},2390 ├─mdm,1398 │ └─mdm,1400 │ ├─Xorg,1928 :0 -audit 0 -auth /var/lib/mdm/:0.Xauth -nolisten tcp vt9 │ └─mate-session,1951,flynn │ ├─applet.py,2097 /usr/share/system-config-printer/applet.py │ ├─caja,2096 │ │ └─{caja},2154 │ ├─mate-bluetooth-,2117 │ │ ├─{mate-bluetooth-},2148 │ │ └─{mate-bluetooth-},2149 │ ├─mate-panel,2081 │ │ └─{mate-panel},2082 │ ├─mate-power-mana,2101 │ │ └─{mate-power-mana},2147 │ ├─mate-volume-con,2115 │ ├─mintupdate-laun,2134 /usr/bin/mintupdate-launcher │ │ └─sh,2143 -c /usr/lib/linuxmint/mintUpdate/mintUpdate.py │ │ └─mintUpdate,2144 /usr/lib/linuxmint/mintUpdate/mintUpdate.py │ │ ├─{mintUpdate},2199 │ │ └─{mintUpdate},2393 │ ├─nm-applet,2141 │ │ └─{nm-applet},2225 │ ├─polkit-mate-aut,2142 │ │ └─{polkit-mate-aut},2181 │ ├─ssh-agent,2035 /usr/bin/dbus-launch --exit-with-session mate-session │ ├─zeitgeist-datah,2099 │ │ └─{zeitgeist-datah},2106 │ ├─{mate-session},2042 │ └─{mate-session},2046 ├─modem-manager,903 ├─mount.ntfs,2483 /dev/sdc1 /media/Elements -o rw,nosuid,nodev,uhelper=udisks,uid=1000,gid=1000,dmask=0077,fmask=0177 ├─nmbd,1901 -D ├─notification-ar,2383,flynn │ └─{notification-ar},2386 ├─openbox,9604,flynn --replace ├─plymouth-upstar,900 ├─plymouthd,294 --mode=boot --attach-to-session ├─polkitd,947 --no-debug │ └─{polkitd},949 ├─pulseaudio,2071,flynn --start --log-target=syslog │ ├─gconf-helper,2077 │ ├─{pulseaudio},2076 │ ├─{pulseaudio},2089 │ └─{pulseaudio},2090 ├─rsyslogd,955,syslog -c5 │ ├─{rsyslogd},959 │ ├─{rsyslogd},960 │ └─{rsyslogd},961 ├─rtkit-daemon,2073,rtkit │ ├─{rtkit-daemon},2074 │ └─{rtkit-daemon},2075 ├─smbd,891 -F │ └─smbd,911 -F ├─system-tools-ba,2403 │ └─{system-tools-ba},2412 ├─timidity,1632,timidity -Os -iAD ├─udevd,351 --daemon │ ├─udevd,3995 --daemon │ └─udevd,3996 --daemon ├─udisks-daemon,2086 │ ├─udisks-daemon,2087 │ ├─{udisks-daemon},2088 │ └─{udisks-daemon},2406 ├─upowerd,2160 │ ├─{upowerd},2161 │ └─{upowerd},2162 ├─upstart-socket-,618 --daemon ├─upstart-udev-br,345 --daemon ├─whoopsie,1279,whoopsie │ └─{whoopsie},1294 ├─winbindd,1373 │ └─winbindd,1397 ├─wnck-applet,2180,flynn │ └─{wnck-applet},2341 ├─xawtv,3934,flynn │ ├─{xawtv},3937 │ └─{xawtv},3938 ├─zeitgeist-daemo,2108,flynn │ └─{zeitgeist-daemo},2110 └─zeitgeist-fts,2123,flynn ├─cat,2131 └─{zeitgeist-fts},2126 |